Which Indian cities show the strongest hate speech reporting signal?
A comparison of 45 Indian cities covered by Prism Geo.
30 pass the evidence gates and are ranked by exact
hate_speech-tagged news reports per 10,000 civic reports.
This measures the prominence of a topic in coverage—not real-world incidence, prevalence, or safety.
Geographic view · 30 city-linked districts
Where the hate speech reporting signal is concentrated
Every highlighted polygon is the 2021 administrative district containing a ranked city's coordinate. Color shows the city's reporting-signal rank band—not a measured district-wide rate, prevalence, or severity assessment.
Boundary geometry: geoBoundaries, ADM2, 2021 representation, Open Data Commons Open Database License 1.0. Districts are visual locators for city-ranked data and may not reflect later administrative changes.
How to read this ranking
Aligarh leads the normalized comparison at 32.41
tagged reports per 10,000 civic reports. Mumbai leads raw volume
with 89 reports. The two leaders can differ because normalization
controls for each city's overall civic-news footprint.
Cities evaluated
45
existing India profiles
Cities ranked
30
passed both evidence gates
Normalized leader
Aligarh
32.41 per 10K
Raw-volume leader
Mumbai
89 tagged reports
Largest recent rise
Ghaziabad
+12.04 per-10K points
National comparison
-1.65
recent per-10K change
Computed findings
What stands out
Normalization changes the picture: Aligarh ranks first by coverage share,
while Mumbai ranks first by article volume.
Coverage is concentrated: Mumbai, New Delhi, Bengaluru account for 44.1% of all
qualifying tagged reports in this table.
The aggregate signal moved from 5.34 per 10,000 reports in 2021–2023
to 3.69 in 2024–2025 across the 45-city universe.
Ghaziabad has the largest recent rise among cities with at least ten
tagged reports: +12.04 per-10K points.
Complete ranking
Primary and companion measures
Hate Speech reporting signal by city
The primary rank uses tagged reports per 10,000 civic reports. Raw rank,
recent change, and active years show whether a result depends on city size, timing, or a narrow burst.
11 tagged reports appeared within
3,394 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
32.41 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a falling share of local civic coverage: 47.12 in 2021–2023 versus 13.48
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2022.
Crime & violence · 8Protest Civil Unrest · 2Human Rights Social · 1
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 1 reports (9.1%) and conclusion language in 0 (0.0%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
6 tagged reports appeared within
2,820 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
21.28 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a falling share of local civic coverage: 30.27 in 2021–2023 versus 8.56
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2023.
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 3 reports (50.0%) and conclusion language in 0 (0.0%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
22 tagged reports appeared within
11,332 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
19.41 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a falling share of local civic coverage: 25.83 in 2021–2023 versus 9.17
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2021.
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 3 reports (13.6%) and conclusion language in 0 (0.0%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
24 tagged reports appeared within
17,010 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
14.11 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a rising share of local civic coverage: 9.08 in 2021–2023 versus 21.12
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2024.
Crime & violence · 20Human Rights Social · 3Protest Civil Unrest · 1
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 1 reports (4.2%) and conclusion language in 0 (0.0%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
5 tagged reports appeared within
3,657 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
13.67 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a falling share of local civic coverage: 31.21 in 2021–2023 versus 0.00
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2022.
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 1 reports (20.0%) and conclusion language in 0 (0.0%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
11 tagged reports appeared within
8,910 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
12.35 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a falling share of local civic coverage: 14.60 in 2021–2023 versus 8.75
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2021.
Crime & violence · 9Human Rights Social · 1Protest Civil Unrest · 1
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 1 reports (9.1%) and conclusion language in 0 (0.0%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
9 tagged reports appeared within
8,318 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
10.82 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a rising share of local civic coverage: 9.25 in 2021–2023 versus 12.52
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2025.
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 2 reports (22.2%) and conclusion language in 0 (0.0%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
10 tagged reports appeared within
9,750 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
10.26 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a rising share of local civic coverage: 9.48 in 2021–2023 versus 11.17
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2022.
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 3 reports (30.0%) and conclusion language in 0 (0.0%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
33 tagged reports appeared within
36,239 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
9.11 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a falling share of local civic coverage: 12.53 in 2021–2023 versus 4.52
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2022.
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 5 reports (15.2%) and conclusion language in 1 (3.0%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
8 tagged reports appeared within
9,077 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
8.81 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a falling share of local civic coverage: 9.59 in 2021–2023 versus 7.08
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2022.
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 1 reports (12.5%) and conclusion language in 1 (12.5%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
89 tagged reports appeared within
119,517 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
7.45 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a broadly stable share of local civic coverage: 7.18 in 2021–2023 versus 7.90
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2025.
Crime & violence · 84Human Rights Social · 4Protest Civil Unrest · 1
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 7 reports (7.9%) and conclusion language in 0 (0.0%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
3 tagged reports appeared within
4,098 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
7.32 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a falling share of local civic coverage: 10.35 in 2021–2023 versus 0.00
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2021.
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 1 reports (33.3%) and conclusion language in 0 (0.0%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
17 tagged reports appeared within
23,841 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
7.13 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a rising share of local civic coverage: 6.44 in 2021–2023 versus 8.10
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2021.
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 7 reports (41.2%) and conclusion language in 0 (0.0%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
3 tagged reports appeared within
4,339 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
6.91 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a falling share of local civic coverage: 11.14 in 2021–2023 versus 0.00
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2022.
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 0 reports (0.0%) and conclusion language in 0 (0.0%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
36 tagged reports appeared within
58,199 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
6.19 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a broadly stable share of local civic coverage: 6.06 in 2021–2023 versus 6.31
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2025.
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 6 reports (16.7%) and conclusion language in 0 (0.0%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
3 tagged reports appeared within
5,388 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
5.57 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a falling share of local civic coverage: 8.64 in 2021–2023 versus 0.00
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2022.
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 0 reports (0.0%) and conclusion language in 0 (0.0%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
9 tagged reports appeared within
16,621 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
5.41 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a falling share of local civic coverage: 7.64 in 2021–2023 versus 1.63
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2022.
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 0 reports (0.0%) and conclusion language in 0 (0.0%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
19 tagged reports appeared within
35,340 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
5.38 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a falling share of local civic coverage: 6.56 in 2021–2023 versus 3.57
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2022.
Crime & violence · 17Protest Civil Unrest · 1Human Rights Social · 1
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 1 reports (5.3%) and conclusion language in 0 (0.0%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
5 tagged reports appeared within
10,447 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
4.79 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a rising share of local civic coverage: 1.47 in 2021–2023 versus 10.95
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2025.
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 0 reports (0.0%) and conclusion language in 0 (0.0%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
14 tagged reports appeared within
31,282 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
4.48 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a rising share of local civic coverage: 3.17 in 2021–2023 versus 5.81
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2025.
Crime & violence · 12Human Rights Social · 1Protest Civil Unrest · 1
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 1 reports (7.1%) and conclusion language in 0 (0.0%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
6 tagged reports appeared within
14,806 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
4.05 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a broadly stable share of local civic coverage: 4.15 in 2021–2023 versus 3.86
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2022.
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 1 reports (16.7%) and conclusion language in 0 (0.0%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
3 tagged reports appeared within
7,439 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
4.03 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a falling share of local civic coverage: 6.21 in 2021–2023 versus 0.00
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2022.
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 0 reports (0.0%) and conclusion language in 0 (0.0%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
6 tagged reports appeared within
16,169 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
3.71 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a falling share of local civic coverage: 4.83 in 2021–2023 versus 2.53
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2023.
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 1 reports (16.7%) and conclusion language in 0 (0.0%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
5 tagged reports appeared within
13,958 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
3.58 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a falling share of local civic coverage: 4.66 in 2021–2023 versus 1.86
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2022.
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 1 reports (20.0%) and conclusion language in 0 (0.0%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
5 tagged reports appeared within
16,200 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
3.09 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a falling share of local civic coverage: 4.86 in 2021–2023 versus 0.00
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2023.
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 1 reports (20.0%) and conclusion language in 0 (0.0%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
3 tagged reports appeared within
10,412 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
2.88 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a rising share of local civic coverage: 1.60 in 2021–2023 versus 4.81
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2025.
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 0 reports (0.0%) and conclusion language in 0 (0.0%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
4 tagged reports appeared within
14,562 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
2.75 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a falling share of local civic coverage: 3.45 in 2021–2023 versus 1.70
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2024.
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 0 reports (0.0%) and conclusion language in 0 (0.0%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
74 tagged reports appeared within
297,207 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
2.49 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a falling share of local civic coverage: 3.65 in 2021–2023 versus 0.69
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2022.
Crime & violence · 57Protest Civil Unrest · 10Human Rights Social · 7
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 9 reports (12.2%) and conclusion language in 0 (0.0%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
3 tagged reports appeared within
12,851 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
2.33 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a falling share of local civic coverage: 3.04 in 2021–2023 versus 0.00
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2021.
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 0 reports (0.0%) and conclusion language in 0 (0.0%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
5 tagged reports appeared within
27,784 civic reports in 2021–2025, equal to
1.80 per 10,000. The recent-period comparison shows
a broadly stable share of local civic coverage: 1.97 in 2021–2023 versus 1.59
in 2024–2025. The city's peak normalized year was 2022.
The classifier marked authority or institutional action in 3 reports (60.0%) and conclusion language in 0 (0.0%). These are article-level signals: repeated coverage can
refer to the same underlying event, and the markers do not prove official resolution.
Annual values use all covered cities, including cities that do not pass the page-level ranking gate.
Transparent limits
How Prism Geo built this ranking
Universe: 45 Indian cities with an existing Prism Geo city manifest; conservative legacy names such as Bangalore/Bengaluru are merged.
Window: complete calendar years 2021–2025. Partial 2026 data is excluded.
Signal: the exact source tag hate_speech; topic variants are not silently combined.
Score: tagged reports ÷ all civic reports × 10,000; raw volume is shown alongside it.
Coverage, action, and conclusion figures are classifier outputs. Multiple reports can concern one event, and absence of coverage is not absence of a problem.
Source: marketai.civic_geo_agg. This dataset supports comparison of reporting patterns only; it cannot establish actual case counts, risk, prevalence, or official performance.
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